Implementation of web accessibility in accordance with WCAG 2.1: perceptibility
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Abstract
The university web platform intended for individuals with visual impairments had significant accessibility limitations that restricted independent use. This Integrative Project aimed to implement the perceivability principle of the WCAG 2.1 standard, at conformance level AA, using the agile Rapid Application Development (RAD) methodology, which enabled rapid iterations of design, development, evaluation, and improvement. The main deficiencies identified included the absence of text alternatives, insufficient color contrast, poorly descriptive labels, and inadequate semantic structure. These issues were addressed by incorporating descriptive alt attributes, aria-label attributes, a hierarchical HTML5 structure, and CSS enhancements to improve visibility, focus indication, and keyboard navigation. The evaluation combined automated assessment using TAW, manual testing with the NVDA screen reader, and direct validation with users with visual impairments through Likert-type surveys. Quantitative results showed improvements of more than 2 points across all indicators, reaching scores above 4.4 out of 5, compared with the initial version, which did not exceed 2.5. Qualitative findings revealed a clearer, more structured, and more accessible user experience, with greater ease in identifying interface elements, navigating the platform, and using assistive technologies. These findings demonstrate that applying the perceivability principle not only fulfills the technical requirements of WCAG 2.1 but also has a tangible positive impact on digital inclusion and on the user experience of individuals with visual impairments.
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