Desarrollo fiscal progresivo en el sistema tributario: un análisis comparativo de la UE y los países de Asia Central

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Azamat Baimagambetov
Serik Omirbayev

Resumen

El estudio pretende comparar la experiencia de la aplicación de un sistema fiscal progresivo en los países de la UE con el sistema fiscal de Asia Central para establecer las perspectivas de las reformas en este ámbito. Se han utilizado las siguientes metodologías: métodos de generalización para analizar materiales teóricos, métodos de tratamiento de resultados estadísticos, estimación del coeficiente de Gini y evaluación de la progresividad y la capacidad redistributiva de los indicadores de rentabilidad mediante métodos de modelización económica y matemática. Se evaluaron los indicadores de rentabilidad de países como Kazajstán, Uzbekistán, la República Kirguisa, Tayikistán y Turkmenistán. El estudio determinó que, según los datos sobre progresividad y capacidad redistributiva, debido a las peculiaridades de la aplicación de la política fiscal, Kazajstán, la República Kirguisa y Tayikistán tienen una progresividad y una capacidad redistributiva pronunciadas. Turkmenistán y Uzbekistán no disponen de tales indicadores. También es muy característico el índice (coeficiente) de Gini, que indica un alto grado de desigualdad de ingresos en estos países. Por el contrario, el coeficiente de Gini de los principales países de la Unión Europea es más elevado: Alemania, Bélgica, Dinamarca, España y Francia se caracterizan por un alto grado de equidad en la estructura fiscal y en el ámbito social. Así pues, resulta necesario reformar el sistema fiscal para alcanzar los objetivos del desarrollo sostenible en los países de Asia Central.

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